[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_3,1_3″ module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”23.7833px|0px|2px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_text_color=”#256168″ text_font_size=”44px” text_line_height=”1.2em” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”33px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_line_height_tablet=”” text_line_height_phone=”1.1em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Persistence in the environment and resistance to water and sludge treatments<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#256168″ text_font_size=”25px” text_line_height=”1.3em” background_color=”#eaeddb” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”60px||60px|95px|true” custom_padding_tablet=”50px||50px|70px|true” custom_padding_phone=”40px|20px|40px|30px|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”20px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_line_height_tablet=”” text_line_height_phone=”1.2em” text_line_height_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n 6.1<\/strong> Resistance to treatments<\/a> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Once the bacteriophage indicators<\/strong> (coliphages and bacteriophages infecting bacteroides) are released into the environment by defecation, they have no chance of replicating<\/strong> in almost any environment.<\/p>\n Despite this, phages can persist<\/strong> for variable periods of time. Other than persisting, like animal viruses bacteriophages show some tendency to adsorb to surfaces<\/strong>, including solid particles. Bearing this in mind, the question is: what is the fate of bacteriophage indicators outside the gut where they are submitted<\/strong> to certain natural and anthropogenic stressors<\/strong>?<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/coliphages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cta-bluephage.jpg” url=”http:\/\/bluephage.com\/” url_new_window=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”23.9667px|0px|4px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n On the one hand<\/strong> they are removed from water<\/strong> by physical processes depending on size, association or not with solid particles, and surface charge<\/strong>. These characteristics lead them to flocculate<\/strong>, sediment<\/strong> or to be retained by filters<\/strong>, comprising soil columns. These events occur both in water treatment plants and in nature<\/strong>. Although in some situations, such as heavy rain, they can also be suspended<\/strong> from sediments or eluted<\/strong> from filters (soil for example) into water, generally bacteriophages tend to be removed<\/strong> from the water fraction by the processes outlined above.<\/p>\n On the other hand<\/strong>, either suspended in water or immobilized in solids, phages are affected by chemical or physical factors that kill (inactivate) them<\/strong>. Naturally occurring or introduced by humans, temperature, radiation and chemical disinfectants<\/strong> are among the main bacteriophage inactivating agents.<\/p>\n With few exceptions (in developed countries) wastewater reaches water bodies after secondary treatment.<\/p>\n Generally speaking, bacteriophages behave similarly to animal viruses, both regarding their persistence<\/strong> in the environment and resistance<\/strong> to treatments with inactivating agents. And, with the exception of spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia, bacteriophages are more resistant to treatment and persistent in the environment than traditional bacterial indicators. Link a indicators in numbers.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” module_id=”6-1″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n In contrast to what has been indicated in the previous section regarding conventional treatments (secondary treatments), advanced treatments cause the different indicator concentrations to be reduced to a different extent <\/strong>(Lucena and Jofre, 2010; Agull\u00f3-Barcel\u00f3, 2013; Montemayor et al., 2008; Alcalde et al., 2003; Francy et al., 2012; Moc\u00e9-Llivina et al., 2003)<\/p>\n Regarding advanced water<\/strong> (UV irradiation, photo-oxidation, chlorination, ozonation, etc.), and sludge treatments<\/strong> (heat, lime, etc.) other than membrane filtration, we find the following order of susceptibilities<\/strong>:<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”28px” text_line_height=”1.2em” background_color=”#f0f1ec” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”|||||true” custom_padding=”50px|50px|70px|50px||true” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”40px|20px|40px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”21px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n E. coli<\/em>\/FC > enterococci > somatic coliphages (\u2265 I \u2264) F-specific phages >SSRC<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” header_3_font=”||||||||” header_3_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_3_font_size=”21px” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n The extent of reduction and the differences depend on the doses applied and the number of treatments included in the full treatment process. Consequently, relative concentrations of bacterial indicators and coliphages in tertiary effluents are different from those in raw sewage and secondary effluents. 1.<\/strong> F-specific are clearly more resistant<\/strong> than somatic coliphages to UV rays<\/strong> and slightly more resistant than somatic coliphages to chlorination<\/p>\n 2.<\/strong> In contrast, somatic coliphages are more resistant than F-specific to photo-oxidation in water<\/strong> and to thermal treatments and lime treatment of sludges.<\/p>\n For membrane filtration the situation is as follows. In microfiltration, bacteria are retained but phages are not and ultrafiltration retains some coliphages<\/strong> but does not retain 100 % F-specific viruses (Leviviridae<\/em>) or somatic coliphages (Microviridae<\/em>) (Ferrer et al., 2015; Mart\u00ed et al., 2011; Francy et al., 2012).<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/coliphages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cta-hor-bluephage.png” url=”http:\/\/bluephage.com\/” url_new_window=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” module_id=”6-2″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Numerous data available on persistence experiments conducted with laboratory-grown model somatic coliphages<\/strong> and F-specific coliphages show that the phage disappearance<\/strong> rate resembles the one for viruses<\/strong>, and that it is lower than the one observed for bacterial indicators.<\/p>\n Some experiments performed \u201cin situ\u201d in both fresh and marine waters (Sinton et al., 1999; Sinton et al., 2002; Duran et al., 2002; Moc\u00e9-Llivina et al., 2005) with fecal indicators (both bacteria and phages) diluted in fresh and marine waters in Spain and in New Zeeland show that at temperatures below 20\u00baC the order of susceptibility is<\/strong>:<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”28px” text_line_height=”1.1em” background_color=”#f0f1ec” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”|||||true” custom_padding=”50px|50px|70px|50px||true” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”40px|20px|40px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”21px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/strong>E. coli<\/em>\/FC > enterococci > F-specific phages > somatic coliphages > SSRC <\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n And at temperatures greater than 23\u00baC<\/strong> it is:<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”28px” text_line_height=”1.2em” background_color=”#f0f1ec” text_orientation=”center” custom_margin=”|||||true” custom_padding=”50px|50px|70px|50px||true” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”40px|20px|40px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”21px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/strong><\/em>E. coli<\/em>\/FC = F-specific phages > enterococci > somatic coliphages > SSRC [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n At similar temperatures, inactivation in marine waters is always greater than in freshwater.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” module_id=”6-3″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Altogether, adsorption to surfaces, resistance to treatments and persistence in environments lead to the situation that in many water environment set-ups, the proportions between<\/strong> bacterial<\/strong> indicators and coliphages clearly favor coliphages, in contrast to what can be observed in raw sewage (Ibarluzea et al., 2007; Lucena et al., 2003; Contreras-Coll, 2002; Jian et al., 2001; Skraber et al., 2002)<\/p>\n Regarding coliphage proportions, in surface waters somatic coliphages are favored, whereas in groundwater relative concentrations are variable<\/strong> (Locas et al., 2007; Lucena et al., 2006; Abbaszadegan et al., 2003), probably depending on the type of soil<\/strong>.<\/p>\n As an example, data obtained in the Northwestern Mediterranean area (Moc\u00e9-Llivina et al., 2005; Contreras Coll, 2002; Rubiano et al., 2012) displayed in table 1 demonstrate the ideas set out above.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”23.7833px|0px|5px|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”||||||||” header_6_font=”||||||||” header_6_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_6_font_size=”17px” custom_margin=”||0px|” custom_padding=”||0px|” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/tr>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/tr>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/tr>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n [\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”31.7833px|0px|0|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_divider divider_weight=”2px” _builder_version=”4.16″ max_width=”20%” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_text_color=”#256168″ text_font_size=”33px” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n References<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”15px” text_line_height=”1.3em” background_color=”#eaeddb” custom_padding=”50px|50px|50px|50px|true|true” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”30px|30px|30px|30px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”12px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Agull\u00f3-Barcel\u00f3, M., M.I. Polo-L\u00f3pez, F. Lucena, J. Jofre and P. Fern\u00e1ndez-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez. 2013.<\/em> Solar advanced oxidation processes as disinfection tertiary treatments for real wastewater: Implications for water reclamation<\/strong>. Applied Catalysis B. Environmental 136-137: 341-350.<\/p>\n Alcalde, L.; Oron, G.; Gillerman, L.; Salgot, M.; Manor, Y.<\/em> Removal of fecal coliforms, somatic coliphages and F-specific bacteriophages in a stabilization pond and reservoir system in arid regions<\/strong>. Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 2003, 3, 177\u2013184.<\/p>\n Abbaszadegan, M.; LeChevallier, M.; Gerba, C.<\/em> Occurrence of viruses in U.S. groundwaters.<\/strong> J. Am. Water Work. Assoc. 2003, 95, 107\u2013120.<\/p>\n Contreras-Coll, N.; Lucena, F.; Mooijman, K.; Havelaar, A.; Pierz, V.; Boque, M.; Gawler, A.; Holler, C.; Lambiri, M.; Mirolo, G.; Moreno, B.; Niemi, M.; Sommer, R.; Valentin, B.; Wiedenmann, A.; Young, V.; Jofre, J. 2002.<\/em> Occurrence and levels of indicator bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe<\/strong>. Water Research 36: 4963-4974.<\/p>\n Cost\u00e1n-Longares, A., M. Montemayor, A. Pay\u00e1n, J. Mendez, J. Jofre, R. Mujeriego and F. Lucena. 2008.<\/em> Microbial indicators and pathogens : removal, relatioships and predictive capabilities in water reclamation facilities.<\/strong> Water Research 42 : 4439-4448.<\/p>\n Dur\u00e1n, A.E.; Muniesa, M.; M\u00e9ndez, X.; Valero, F.; Lucena, F.; Jofre, J.<\/em> Removal and inactivation of indicator bacteriophages in fresh waters. <\/strong>J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 92, 338\u2013347.<\/p>\n Ferrer, O, S Casas, C Galvany, F. Lucena., A. Bosch, B. Galofr\u00e9, J. Mesa, J. Jofre, X. Bernat. 2015<\/em>. Direct ultrafiltration performance and membrane integrity monitoring by microbiological analysis<\/strong>. Water Research 83: 121-131.<\/p>\n Francy, D.S., Stelzer, E.A., Bushon, R.N., Brady, A.M., Williston, A.G., Riddell, K.R., Borchardt, M.A., Spencer, S.K. et al. (2012)<\/em> Comparative effectiveness of membrane bioreactors, conventional secondary treatment, and chlorine and UV disinfection to remove microorganisms from municipal wastewaters.<\/strong> Water Res 46, 4164\u20134178.<\/p>\n Ibarluzea, J.M.; Santa Marina, L.; Moreno, B.; Serrano, E.; Larburu, K.; Maiztegi, M.J.; Yarzabal, A.<\/em> Somatic coliphages and bacterial indicators of bathing water quality in the beaches of Gipuzkoa, Spain.<\/strong> J. Water Health 2007, 5, 417\u2013426. [CrossRef] [PubMed]<\/p>\n Jiang, S.; Noble, R.; Chu,W.<\/em> Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff-impacted coastal waters of Southern California.<\/strong> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001, 67, 179\u2013184. [CrossRef]<\/p>\n Locas, A.; Barthe, C.; Barbeau, B.; Carri\u00e8re, A.; Payment, P.<\/em> Virus occurrence in municipal groundwater sources in Quebec, Canada.<\/strong> Can. J. Microbiol. 2007, 53, 688\u2013694.<\/p>\n Lucena, F. X. Mendez, A. Mor\u00f3n, E. Calder\u00f3n, C. Campos, A. Guerrero, M. C\u00e1rdenas, C. Gantzer, L. Schwartzbrood, S. Skraber and J. Jofre. 2003.<\/em> Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial indicators in river waters from Europe and South America<\/strong>. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94: 808- 815.<\/p>\n Lucena, F.; Ribas, F.; Duran, A.E.; Skraber, S.; Gantzer, C.; Campos, C.; Mor\u00f3n, A.; Calder\u00f3n, E.; Jofre, J.<\/em> Occurrence of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria in groundwater in different geographical areas<\/strong>. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006, 101, 96\u2013102.<\/p>\n Lucena, F.; Jofre, J. 2010.<\/em> Potential use of bacteriophages as indicators of water quality and wastewater treatment processes<\/strong>. In SABOUR, P.M.; GRIFFITHS, M.W. (ed). Bacteriophages in the Control of Food- and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2010, pag 103-118.<\/p>\n Marti E, Moncl\u00fas H, Jofre J, Rodriguez-Roda I, Comas J, Balc\u00e1zar JL. 2011.<\/em> Removal of microbial indicators from municipal wastewater by a membrane bioreactor (MBR).<\/strong> Bioresources technology 102:5004-5009.<\/p>\n Moc\u00e9\u2010Llivina, L., Muniesa, M., Pimenta\u2010Vale, H., Lucena, F. and Jofre, J. (2003)<\/em> Survival of bacterial indicator species and bacteriophages after thermal treatment of sludge and sewage<\/strong>. ApplEnvironMicrobiol 69, 1452\u20131456.<\/p>\n Moc\u00e9Llivina, L., F. Lucena and J. Jofre. 2005.<\/em> Enteroviruses and bacteriophages in bathing waters.<\/strong> Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 6838-6844.<\/p>\n Montemayor, M., A. Cost\u00e1n, F. Lucena, J. Jofre, J. Mu\u00f1oz, E. Dalmau, R. Mujeriego and L. Sala. 2008.<\/em> Combined performance of UV light and chlorine during reclaimed water disinfection<\/strong>. Wat. Sci. Technol. 57: 935-940<\/p>\n Rubiano. M-E., M. Agull\u00f3-Barcel\u00f3, R. Casas-Mangas, J. Jofre and F. Lucena. 2012.<\/em> Assessing the effects of tertiary treated wastewater reuse on a Mediterranean river (Llobregat, NE Spain), part III: pathogens and indicators.<\/strong> Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19: 1026-1032.<\/p>\n Sinton, L.W.; Finlay, R.K.; Lynch, P.A.<\/em> Sunlight inactivation of fecal bacteriophages and bacteria in sewage-polluted seawater<\/strong>. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1999, 65, 3605\u20133613. [PubMed]<\/p>\n Sinton, L.W.; Hall, C.H.; Lynch, P.A.; Davies-Colley, R.J.<\/em> Sunlight inactivation of fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages from waste stabilization pond effluent in fresh and saline waters<\/strong>. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2002, 68, 1122\u20131131.<\/p>\n Skraber, S.; Gantzer, C.; Maul, A.; Schwartzbrod, L.<\/em> Fates of bacteriophages and bacterial indicators in the Moselle River (France)<\/strong>. Water Res. 2002, 36, 3629\u20133637.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.12.1″ background_color=”#256168″ custom_padding=”33px|0px|0|0px|false|false” global_module=”97″ saved_tabs=”all” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_padding=”0px||0||false|false” make_fullwidth=”on” global_colors_info=”{}” column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ width_phone=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%”][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”||30px|” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/coliphages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/logo-coliphages.png” show_bottom_space=”off” align=”right” align_tablet=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”0px|||” custom_padding=”|30px|30px|” global_colors_info=”{}” align_phone=”center”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/coliphages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/ub-mars.png” align_tablet=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”30px|||30px” global_colors_info=”{}” align_phone=”center”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_sidebar area=”sidebar-4″ disabled_on=”on|on|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#dce09a” header_font_size=”16px” background_layout=”dark” custom_margin=”40px|||30px” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_sidebar][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Persistence in the environment and resistance to water and sludge treatments 6.1 Resistance to treatments6.2 Persistence in the environment6.3 Final outcomeOnce the bacteriophage indicators (coliphages and bacteriophages infecting bacteroides) are released into the environment by defecation, they have no chance of replicating in almost any environment. Despite this, phages can persist for variable periods of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-213","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/213","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=213"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/213\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":951,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/213\/revisions\/951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
6.2<\/strong> Persistence in the environment<\/a>
6.3<\/strong> Final outcome<\/a><\/p>\n6.1 Resistance to treatments<\/h2>\n
As for the resistance of coliphages<\/strong>, some differences can be observed regarding susceptibility to treatments:<\/p>\n6.2 Persistence in the environment<\/h2>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n6.3 Final outcome<\/h2>\n
Table 1. Concentrations of indicators in raw and treated water, as well as in river and seawater<\/h6>\n
<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n Indicator (CFU or PFU per 100 ml of water, or 1g of mussel)<\/strong><\/td>\n Raw sewage<\/strong><\/td>\n Llobregat river<\/strong><\/td>\n Barcelona beaches<\/strong><\/td>\n Tertiary effluents<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/p>\n E. coli<\/em><\/td>\n 0.5-1.0×107<\/sup><\/td>\n 9×102<\/sup><\/td>\n 1×101<\/sup><\/td>\n 1×101<\/sup><\/td>\n <\/p>\n Clostridium spores<\/td>\n 1.0-5.0×105<\/sup><\/td>\n 1.2×103<\/sup><\/td>\n –<\/td>\n 1×102<\/sup><\/td>\n <\/p>\n Somatic coliphages<\/td>\n 1.0-5.0×106<\/sup><\/td>\n 1.0x 104<\/sup><\/td>\n 5.1×101<\/sup><\/td>\n 5×102<\/sup><\/td>\n <\/p>\n F-specific RNA phages<\/td>\n 1.0×105<\/sup>-106<\/sup><\/td>\n 2.2×102<\/sup><\/td>\n < 0.5<\/td>\n 1.6×102<\/sup><\/td>\n