{"id":211,"date":"2018-08-21T08:35:09","date_gmt":"2018-08-21T08:35:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/?page_id=211"},"modified":"2024-07-01T11:40:12","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T11:40:12","slug":"contamination","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/contamination\/","title":{"rendered":"Contamination"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_3,1_3″ module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”24.4833px|0px|0|0px|false|false” make_fullwidth=”on” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_text_color=”#256168″ text_font_size=”44px” text_line_height=”1.1em” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”33px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]Concentration of fecal indicators in sources of fecal contamination
\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#256168″ text_font_size=”25px” text_line_height=”1.3em” background_color=”#eaeddb” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”60px||60px|95px|true” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”40px||40px|30px|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”20px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

5.1<\/strong> Human sources<\/a>
5.2<\/strong> Animal sources<\/a><\/p>\n

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5.1 Human sources<\/h2>\n

Other than coliphages, in order to provide a better idea of the fecal load on the samples the following tables also display values for fecal indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms or thermotolerant coliforms), E. coli<\/em>, enterococci (or fecal streptococci) and spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia (SSRC).<\/p>\n

The values presented in the tables represent the most common values reported worldwide<\/strong> when tested by standardized methods (ISO, USEPA and standard methods)<\/p>\n

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5.1.1 Human feces<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Common procedures regarding amounts of sample to analyze, extraction method, and amount of sample for quantitative or qualitative (presence\/absence) determination have not been applied in different studies. Therefore values reported in different studies hinder comparisons. Even if the results are too variable, and likely to be reconsidered in the future, concentrations of bacterial indicators appear more constant than concentrations of bacteriophages<\/strong>. Among bacteriophages somatic coliphages appear to be more abundant than the F-specific<\/strong> ones (Jebri et al., 2017, link capitol 1; Simon and Gorbach, 1984)<\/p>\n

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Table 1. Most frequent values of fecal indicators in faeces<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code disabled_on=”off|off|off” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Fecal coliforms \/ E. coli<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Enterococci<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

SSRC<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Somatic coliphages<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

F-specific coliphages<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/thead>\n

<\/p>\n

Percent positive samples<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

39,7 to 100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

0 to 73<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Concentration range (CFU or PFU\/g)<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

107<\/sup>\u2013 108<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

107<\/sup>\u2013 108<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

–<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

<1 to 1\u00b7108<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

<1 to 1.2\u00b710<\/1>6<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/tbody>\n

<\/table>\n

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5.1.2 Raw sewage (untreated municipal wastewater)<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Values in raw sewage depend on the concentration of fecal remains in it, which depends mainly on the characteristics of the sewer system, rainfall of the area in the hours previous to sampling, per capita water consumption in the area and the time of day of sample collection. Values of microbial indicators are steadier than those of feces, and what is more important when tested in the same sample, most of the comparative values show the same trend<\/strong>. Fecal coliforms and E. coli<\/em> are the most abundant with numbers 5\u201310 times higher than<\/strong> those for somatic<\/strong> coliphages<\/strong>, 5\u201320 <\/strong>times higher than enterococci<\/strong>, 25-100<\/strong> times higher than values for SSRC<\/strong> and 20-80<\/strong> times higher than F-specific RNA bacteriophages<\/strong> (Mandilara et al, 2006; Yahya et al., 2015; Blanch et al., 2006; Lucena et al., 2003; Lucena et al., 2004; Contreras-Coll et al., 2002; Lodder and de Roda Husaman, 2005).<\/p>\n

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Table 2. Most frequent values of fecal indicators in raw sewage<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Fecal coliforms \/ E. coli<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Enterococci<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

SSRC<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Somatic coliphages <\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

F-specific coliphages<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/thead>\n

<\/p>\n

Percent positive samples<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Concentration range (CFU or PFU\/100mL)<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5×105<\/sup> – 5×107<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5\u00b7104<\/sup> to 5\u00b7106<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

104<\/sup> to 5\u00b7106<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

105<\/sup> to 5.106<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5\u00b7103<\/sup> to 1\u00b7106<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/tbody>\n

<\/table>\n

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Important observations regarding the concentrations<\/strong> in raw sewage of the fecal indicators displayed in the tables are that they are neither seasonal nor show appreciable differences in different areas of the planet<\/strong>, regardless of the level of development of the area.<\/p>\n

The raw sewage with the microbial indicator load shown in table 2 is released into the environment either untreated or treated by conventional wastewater treatment plants, mostly those based on activated sludge.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5.1.3 Conventional wastewater treatment plant effluents
<\/strong><\/h3>\n

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Table 3. Most frequent values of fecal indicators in conventional wastewater water treatment plant effluents<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Fecal coliforms \/ E. coli<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Enterococci<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

SSRC<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Somatic coliphages <\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

F-specific coliphages<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/thead>\n

<\/p>\n

Percent positive samples<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Concentration range (CFU or PFU\/100mL)<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

2.0\u00b7104<\/sup> to 7\u00b7106<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

2.5\u00b7104<\/sup> to 7\u00b7105<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

1\u00b7104<\/sup> to 3\u00b7105<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

1\u00b7104<\/sup> to 2.0\u00b7106<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

<1.104<\/sup> to 2.1\u00b7105<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/tbody>\n

<\/table>\n

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Effluent water<\/strong> from conventional (activated sludge digestion) wastewater treatment plants all around the world that is released into water bodies still contains important amounts of microbial indicators<\/strong>. The precise concentrations will depend on the performance of the treatment plant<\/strong>, but the relative proportions<\/strong> of the different indicators remain similar<\/strong> to those of raw sewage (Mandilara et al., 2006; Yahya et al., 2015; Lucena et al., 2004; Costan-Longares et al., 2008; Gomila et al., 2008)<\/p>\n

Other treatments that remove similar amounts of all indicators, regardless of the extent of removal, are: primary sedimentation, flocculation-aided sedimentation, activated sludge digestion plus precipitation and trickling filters, depth filtration and precipitation\/flocculation plus filtration (Harwood et al., 2005; Rose et al., 2005; Nieuwstad et al., 1988; Otosson et al., 2006).<\/p>\n

In contrast, advanced<\/strong> (tertiary) treatments remove the various indicators with different efficiencies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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5.1.2 Untreated sludge
<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Conventional wastewater treatment plants produce huge amounts of sludge<\/strong> that constitutes an important source of microbial indicators<\/strong>. Theoretically, the sludges generated in conventional plants cannot be released untreated into the environment, but in many areas of the world it still is.<\/p>\n

The results available in the scientific literature for untreated sludge are not easy to interpret because of the differences when reporting the concentration (wet versus dry matter, different amounts of sample reported, etc.), and a degree of uncertainty regarding the tested sludge characteristics (primary, activates, mixed, dewatered, etc.).<\/p>\n

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Table 4. Fecal contamination indicators in untreated sludge from municipal wastewater<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Fecal coliforms \/ E. coli<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Enterococci<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

SSRC<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Somatic coliphages <\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

F-specific coliphages<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/thead>\n

<\/p>\n

Percent positive samples<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Concentration range (CFU or PFU per g of dry matter)<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5×106<\/sup>-1×108<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

1.105<\/sup>-5×106<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5.105<\/sup>-1.107<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5\u00b7106<\/sup> to 5\u00b7107<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5\u00b7105<\/sup> to 1\u00b7107<\/sup> <\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/tbody>\n

<\/table>\n

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However, instead of the variability of results reported in the scientific literature, untreated sewage sludge<\/strong> contains great amounts of fecal indicators<\/strong>. In fact, they are concentrated regarding their numbers in raw sewage. As for the proportions<\/strong> between different indicators, they remain similar to those of raw sewage<\/strong> (Mandilara et al., 2006; Guzman et al., 2007).<\/p>\n

The effect of the most frequent treatment of sludges<\/strong>, anaerobic mesophilic<\/strong> digestion<\/strong>, has a very modest impact<\/strong> on the reduction in the numbers of indicators without significant differences between them (Mandilara et al., 2006; Guzman et al., 2007). In contrast, further treatments such as pasteurization<\/strong>, composting<\/strong>, etc., bring about important and differential reductions<\/strong> (Guzman et al., 2007; Astals et al., 2012).<\/p>\n

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5.2 Animal sources<\/h2>\n

In the previous section we looked at the numbers of the indicators for wastewater originated by human populations.<\/p>\n

Regarding animal sources we take into account wastewater from slaughterhouses and slurries generated in farms<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

If we take a look at the numbers, we can observe that in the case of animal sources the amount of bacterial and viral indicators appear to be more variable than those from a human population<\/strong> (animal sources often present higher maximums and lower minimums for every indicator). This higher variability may be due to the higher variability of the sources studied.<\/p>\n

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Table 5. Presence of indicators from slaughterhouses and slurry from farms of different locations. Concentrations in CFU or PFU 100 mL (Data extracted from Blanch et al, 2006)<\/h6>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n
Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Number of samples<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

% positive<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Minimum value<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

Maximum value<\/strong><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/thead>\n

<\/p>\n

Fecal coliforms<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

111<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

1.0×104<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

1.7×1010<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Enterococci<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

111<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

1.5×104<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

8×108<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

SSRC<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

111<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

2.0×103<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

2.0×108<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Somatic coliphages<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

110<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

100<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

5.0×10<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

4.5×109<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

F-specific RNA phages<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

110<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

80<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

< 5.0x10<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

4.0×108<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Phages infecting GA17 strain* <\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

73<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

7<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

< 5.0x10<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

1.103<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/p>\n

Phages infecting GA17 strain<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

73**<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

98.6 \u00a0<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

< 5.0x10<\/td>\n

<\/p>\n

7.3×105<\/sup><\/td>\n

<\/tr>\n

<\/tbody>\n

<\/table>\n

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*Ga17 is a strain infecting Bacteroides<\/em> (Payan et al., 2005 )<\/h6>\n
\u00a0**Municipal raw sewage<\/h6>\n

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As shown in table 5, the relative abundances<\/strong> of indicators of fecal contamination are very similar<\/strong> for both animal<\/strong> and human<\/strong> contamination sources (Table 2).<\/p>\n

In light of the results, the only conclusion we can come to is that there are no significant differences between animal fecal pollution and human fecal pollution<\/strong> in terms of the concentrations of fecal bacteria indicators and coliphages, with the exception of phages infecting strain GA17 of Bacteroides<\/em> that is a marker of fecal contamination of human origin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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References<\/p>\n

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Astals, S, C Venegas, M Peces, J Jofre, F Lucena and J Mata-Alvarez. 2012.<\/em> Balancing hygienization and anaerobic digestion of raw sewage sludge<\/strong>. Water Research 46: 6218-6227.<\/p>\n

Blanch, A., L. Belanche-Mu\u00f1oz, X. Bonjoch, J. Ebdon, C. Gantzer, F. Lucena, J. Ottoson, C. Kourtis, A. Iversen, I. K\u00fchn, L. Moc\u00e9, M. Muniesa, \u2026\u2026\u2026 and J. Jofre. 2006.<\/em> Integrated analysis of established and novel microbial and chemical methods for microbial source tracking<\/strong>. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 5915-5926.<\/p>\n

Contreras-Coll, N.; Lucena, F.; Mooijman, K.; Havelaar, A.; Pierz, V.; Boque, M.; Gawler, A.; Holler, C.; Lambiri, M.; Mirolo, G.; Moreno, B.; Niemi, M.; Sommer, R.; Valentin, B.; Wiedenmann, A.; Young, V.; Jofre, J. 2002.<\/em> Occurrence and levels of indicator bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe<\/strong>. WaterResearch 36: 4963-4974.<\/p>\n

Cost\u00e1n-Longares, A., M. Montemayor, A. Pay\u00e1n, J. Mendez, J. Jofre, R. Mujeriego and F. Lucena. 2008.<\/em> Microbial indicators and pathogens: removal, relationships and predictive capabilities in water reclamation facilities<\/strong>. Water Research 42 : 4439-4448.<\/p>\n

Gomila, M.; Solis, J.J.; David, Z.; Ramon, C.; Lalucat, J.<\/em> Comparative reductions of bacterial indicators, bacteriophage-infecting enteric bacteria and enteroviruses in wastewater tertiary treatments by lagooning and UV-radiation<\/strong>. Water Sci. Technol. 2008, 58, 2223\u20132233.<\/p>\n

Guzman, C., J. Jofre. M. Montemayor and F. Lucena. 2007.<\/em> Occurrence and levels of indicators and selected pathogens in different sludges and biosolids<\/strong>. Journal of Applied Microbiology 103: 2420- 2429.<\/p>\n

Harwood, V.J.; Levine, A.D.; Scott, T.M.; Chivukula, V.; Lukasik, J.; Farrah, S.R.; Rose, J.B.<\/em> Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection<\/strong>. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71, 3163\u20133170.<\/p>\n

Lodder, W.J.; de RodaHusman, A.M.<\/em> Presence of noroviruses and other enteric viruses in sewage and surface waters in The Netherlands<\/strong>. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005, 71, 1453\u20131461.<\/p>\n

Lucena, F. X. Mendez, A. Mor\u00f3n, E. Calder\u00f3n, C. Campos, A. Guerrero, M. C\u00e1rdenas, C. Gantzer, L. Schwartzbrood, S. Skraber and J. Jofre. 2003.<\/em> Occurrence and densities of bacteriophages proposed as indicators and bacterial indicators in river waters from Europe and South America<\/strong>. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94: 808- 815.<\/p>\n

Lucena, F., A.E. Duran, A. Moron, E. Calderon, C. Campos, C. Gantzer, S. Skraber and J. Jofre. 2004<\/em>. Reduction of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages infecting faecal bacteria in primary and secondary wasterwater treatments<\/strong>. Journal of Applied Microbiology 97: 1069-1076.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

Mandilara, GD, Smeti, EM, Mavridou, ATh, Lambiri, MP, Vatopoulos, AC and Rigas, FP (2006a).<\/em> Correlation between bacterial indicators and bacteriophages in sewage and sludge<\/strong>. FEMS microbiology letters. 263, pp. 119\u201326.<\/p>\n

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Ottoson, J.; Hansen, A.; Westrell, T.; Johansen, K.; Norder, H.; Stenstr\u00f6m, T.A.<\/em> Removal of noro- and enteroviruses, Giardia<\/em> cysts, Cryptosporidium<\/em> oocysts, and fecal indicators at four secondary wastewater treatment plants in Sweden<\/strong>. Water Environ. Res. 2006, 78, 828\u2013834.<\/p>\n

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Rose, J.B.; Farrah, S.R.; Harwood, V.<\/em> Reduction of Pathogens, Indicator Bacteria, and Alternative Indicators by Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation Processes<\/strong>; IWA Publishing: Lodon, UK;Water Environment Research Foundation: Alexandria, VA, USA, 2005<\/p>\n

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Yahya, M., F. Hmaied, S. Jebri, J. Jofre and M. Hamdi. 2015.<\/em> Bacteriophages as indicators of human and animal faecal contamination in raw and treated wastewaters from Tunissia<\/strong>.J. Applied Microbiol 118: 1271-1225.<\/p>\n

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Concentration of fecal indicators in sources of fecal contamination 5.1 Human sources5.2 Animal sources5.1 Human sources Other than coliphages, in order to provide a better idea of the fecal load on the samples the following tables also display values for fecal indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms or thermotolerant coliforms), E. coli, enterococci (or fecal streptococci) and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-211","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=211"}],"version-history":[{"count":59,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/211\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":963,"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/211\/revisions\/963"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/coliphages.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}