[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”2_3,1_3″ module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” make_fullwidth=”on” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”|700|||||||” text_text_color=”#256168″ text_font_size=”44px” text_line_height=”1.2em” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”33px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]Bacteriophages as indicators
\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”||||||||” text_text_color=”#256168″ text_font_size=”25px” text_line_height=”1.1em” background_color=”#eaeddb” custom_margin=”|||” custom_padding=”60px|40px|60px|95px|true|false” custom_padding_tablet=”60px|||60px” custom_padding_phone=”40px|20px|40px|30px|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”20px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n
3.1<\/strong> Coliphages<\/a> [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.3em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}” module_id=”3-1″ sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Bacteriophages of gut bacteria have characteristics and behavior outside the gut that make them suitable for being used as indicators of different aspects related with fecal pollution. Coliphages<\/strong> have been proposed as indicators of fecal\/viral pollution<\/strong> (IAWPRC, 1991; Ashbolt et al., 2001; Jofre et al., 2016; McMinn et al., 2017) and phages infecting\u00a0Bacteroides<\/em><\/strong> have been proposed as markers of the source of fecal pollution<\/strong> (Jofre et al., 2014).<\/p>\n A coliphage<\/strong> is defined as a bacteriophage able to infect Escherichia coli<\/em><\/strong>. This bacterium is included among the coliform<\/strong> bacteria group, which is a group of genotypically related bacteria. This kind of bacteria are the most abundant aerobic prokaryotes in the gut for both human and animals<\/strong>, and hence easy to culture in the laboratory. Consequently, coliphages<\/strong> are also the most abundant bacteriophages present in the gut<\/strong> that are easy to cultivate.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/coliphages.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/cta-bluephage.jpg” url=”http:\/\/bluephage.com\/” url_new_window=”on” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”center” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”] Just like any other bacteriophages, coliphages have a narrow range of possible hosts<\/strong>. Some coliphages can infect coliform<\/strong> bacteria other than E. coli<\/em><\/strong> (for example Shigella<\/em> or Klebsiella<\/em>). The specificity is affected by the way of entering the cell<\/strong>. As we explained when defining bacteriophages, we differentiate between somatic (entering the cell through the cell wall)<\/strong> and F-specific <\/strong>bacteriophages (entering the cell using the sexual pilli)<\/strong>, and this can be applied as well to coliphages. As for the morphology of coliphages, every group previously described (Myoviridae<\/em>, Syphoviridae<\/em>, Podoviridae<\/em>, Microviridae<\/em>, Inoviridae<\/em> and Leviviridae<\/em>) is represented among them.<\/p>\n Two groups of bacteriophages infecting E. coli<\/em>, somatic<\/strong> and F-specific<\/strong> coliphages, have been investigated in academia for many years as both fecal and viral indicators<\/strong>.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”28px” text_line_height=”1.2em” background_color=”#f0f1ec” custom_margin=”|||||true” custom_padding=”50px|50px|70px|50px||true” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”50px|20px|50px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”21px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n The high concentrations of coliphages found in raw wastewater<\/strong> and in many other matrixes contaminated with fecal remains; the easy, fast and cost effective detection and enumeration methods<\/strong>; and the persistence in the water environment and the resistance to treatments that resemble those of viruses, make indicator bacteriophages good surrogate indicator candidates for various set-ups<\/strong>.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.2em” header_font=”||||||||” header_2_font=”|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#0a2d31″ header_2_font_size=”33px” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n For practical purposes, coliphages are organized in operational groups rather than in taxons, mostly because of the current methods for their detection and quantification. Somatic, F-specific and the subset F-specific RNA coliphages have been extensively studied for this purpose. Humans and animals excrete both groups.<\/p>\n
3.2<\/strong> Coliphages in guidelines and regulations<\/a>
3.3<\/strong> Phages infecting bacteroides as markers of the source of fecal pollution <\/a><\/p>\n3.1 Coliphages<\/h2>\n
\n[\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row module_class=” et_pb_row_fullwidth” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”89%” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”80%” width_last_edited=”on|desktop” max_width=”89%” max_width_tablet=”80%” max_width_phone=”80%” max_width_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_margin=”0px|||||true” custom_padding=”0px|||||true” make_fullwidth=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.16″ text_font=”||||||||” text_line_height=”1.2em” text_font_size_tablet=”” text_font_size_phone=”18px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n